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Introduction: Mosquito-borne diseases have historically affected communities, especially in tropical areas where mosquitoes and illnesses are endemic. Globalization, climate change, and increased travel have created ideal conditions for outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases that could threaten the American health system and place a burden on the national economy, especially in southern states. Methods: The study adopts a quantitative cross-sectional design with a retrospective survey carried out using the Pollfish platform in June 2022. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression to assess the three hypotheses: (H1) Chikungunya awareness is related to sociodemographic factors;(H2) Wearing long sleeves and pants is related to (a) Chikungunya awareness and (b) information-seeking behaviors, when controlling for sociodemographic variables;(H3) Use of insect repellents is related to (a) Chikungunya awareness and (b) information-seeking behaviors when controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results: The results highlight the relationships between chikungunya's awareness, information-seeking behavior, and willingness to engage in protective behaviors. 45.91% of the participants mentioned not having heard about chikungunya, and 67.07% of respondents had sought information about mosquito-borne illnesses in the past, 55.9% have looked at the U.S. State Department's website for mosquito-borne diseases, 38.32% have visited the U.S. CDC website for information specifically about chikungunya. Conclusions: The results of this study show that most American travelers are unaware of chikungunya and its mode of transmission. Travel could likely introduce the chikungunya virus to the United States. Despite increased health information-seeking behavior among U.S. residents after the Covid19 pandemic, Chikungunya awareness is low.
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The proceedings contain 206 papers. The topics discussed include: influenza: experiences from Kashmir;outbreaks of different viral etiologies amidst COVID-19 pandemic;development of a colorimetric isothermal (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of monkeypox virus;circulation of genetically diverse non-polio enteroviruses in respiratory samples during COVID-19 pandemic period (2021-22);evolutionary analysis of all eleven genes of species C rotaviruses circulating in humans and domestic animals;molecular characterization of dengue viruses circulating in Pune district, Maharashtra from 2009-2022;isolation and genomic characterization of cell fusing agent virus from aedes aegypti mosquitoes from Assam, India;structure-based identification and evaluation of antiviral activity of potent small molecule inhibitors targeting alphavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase;integration of HBV receptor NTCP into hepatoma cell using grnome editing;and hepatitis B virus genome targeting using CRISPR/Cas9based gene editing tool.
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In January 2023, a total of 64 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 235 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (235), monkeypox (110), dengue fever (31), measles (27) and cholera (15). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Nipah virus disease (62.5%), Ebola virus disease (47.0%), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (37.5%), Lassa fever (15.1%) and West Nile fever (7.6%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, measles and dengue fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19, cholera and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, malaria and monkeypox, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, cholera, monkeypox, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19, monkeypox and invasive group A streptococcus infection.
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In December 2022, a total of 68 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 235 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (235), monkeypox (110), dengue fever (28), measles (27) and cholera (14). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (47.0%), Rift Valley fever (44.2%), Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (40.0%), Lassa fever (17.6%) and West Nile fever (7.6%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, dengue fever and measles. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19, cholera and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, monkeypox, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, cholera, monkeypox, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19, monkeypox and invasive group A streptococcus infection.
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Positive-strand RNA viruses have been the cause of several recent outbreaks and epidemics, including the Zika virus epidemic in 2015, the SARS outbreak in 2003, and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. On June 18-22, 2022, researchers focusing on positive-strand RNA viruses met for the Keystone Symposium "Positive-Strand RNA Viruses" to share the latest research in molecular and cell biology, virology, immunology, vaccinology, and antiviral drug development. This report presents concise summaries of the scientific discussions at the symposium.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Zika Virus Infection , Zika Virus , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Positive-Strand RNA Viruses , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Pandemics , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control , Zika Virus Infection/drug therapyABSTRACT
The present use of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has shown for the first time the potential of mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Here we will summarize the current knowledge about improved mRNA vaccines, i.e., the self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA) vaccines. This approach may enhance antigen expression by amplification of the antigen-encoding RNA. RNA design, RNA delivery, and the innate immune responses induced by RNA will be reviewed.
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In March 2022, a total of 63 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 230 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were COVID-19 (230), dengue fever (32), measles (29), chikungunya fever (10) and cholera (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (33.3%), Rift Valley fever (20.0%), Lassa fever (18.6%), yellow fever (11.3%) and monkeypox (5.5%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, cholera and Lassa fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, malaria, measles and poliomyelitis, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe was COVID-19.
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As a result of the scale of the Covid 19 pandemic that launched from China in December 2019 and to limit its spread, several treatments were used to control this virus, including, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir, lopinavir, remidesivir, tocilizumab, and anakinra. Favipiravir is an antiviral drug that works by inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, favipiravir inhibited viral genome replication, which was most noticeable in the middle of the viral proliferation period. Favipiravir was found to have antiviral activity, Purine nucleosides or purine bases inhibit favipiravir, meaning that it competes with purine nucleosides rather than pyrimidine nucleosides, In a time-of-drugaddition test, to treat a variety of RNA viruses (influenza, West Nile, yellow fever, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, bunyaviruses and alphaviruses). Here, we show for the first time the histologycal effect of favipiravir on the liver and kidneys using albino rats, using light microscopy, where the optical microscopic revealed that normal doses in liver showed hepatic cords arranged, normal central vein and mild sinusoildal infiltration of mono nuclear leukocytes mainly lymphocytes, the hepatocytes showed mild granular cytoplasm while double doses showed little hemorrhagic foci and disarrangement of hepatic cords. The magnified sections revealed few of hepatocytes showed mild cloudy swelling associated with little figures of cellular necrosis. As for kidneys, the optical microscopic observations showed multiple foci of hemorrhage, the magnified section revealed congestion of glomerular capillary tuft and few of renal tubules showed mild granular or vacular degeneration. On the other hand, sections of renal medulla revealed normal appearance for normal doses while renal cortex and medulla were showed marked interstitial nephritis, which characterized by interstitial thickening due to infiltration of mono nuclear leukocytes and the renal tubules showed sever vacular degeneration and necrosis for double doses. These results can guide the safe use of favipiravir and reduce the risks to tissue the liver and kidney by using double doses.
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Aim & objective: Study of incidence of malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya fevers among febrile patients visiting tertiary care hospital (King George hospital) in Visakhapatnam. Method: The study is conducted in-patients visiting King George Hospital, which is a Government General Hospital located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. The hospital with 1237 beds serving the needs of north coastal Andhra Pradesh and adjacent Orissa for more than 150 years. Patients presenting to the health centre with some signs and symptoms compatible with the diagnosis of malaria, dengue and chikungunya (fever which can be recent or in evidence during the previous 2-4 days or/and other symptoms of febrile diseases such as chills, headache, joint, muscle and body pains).100 febrile patients shall be selected randomly at the age group of 13-60 years Patients shall also be selected on the basis of febrile and other symptoms such as chills, headache, joint, and muscle and body pains. Results and Conclusion: Age wise Distribution of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya, number of patients n=100 were taken, total n=72 patients were positive for Malaria, n=24 patients were positive for Dengue and n=4 patients were Chikungunya. With the Mean of 10.6 and Standard Deviation are 6.1. From the age group of "36 to 50"years n=28 number of patients positive for both males and females, form this total n=12 positive for malaria with the percentage of 16.6% and Females were n=16 with the percentage of 22.2%. From the age group "51 to 65"years n=8 number of patients positive for malaria in both males and females, from this total the male patients were n=4 positive for malaria with the percentage of 5.6%. The age wise description of Dengue a total "n=24"number of patients are positive for Dengue in both males and females. From the total n=16 number of male patients which are positive for Dengue with the percentage of 66.6% with the Mean of 5.3 and Standard Deviation is 4.7.females were n=8 number of patients with the percentage of 33.3% and in the Mean of 11.1 with Standard Deviation is 2.4. The age wise description of Chikungunya fever of different age groups a total "n=4"number of patients are positive for Chikungunya fever in both males and females. From the total n=02 number of male patients which are positive for malaria with the percentage of 50% with the Mean of 0.6 and Standard Deviation is 0.5 females were n=02 number of patients with the percentage of 50% and in the Mean of 0.6 and Standard Deviation is 0.5. Chikungunya fever in both males and females, from the total male patients were n=0 positive for Chikungunya fever and females were n=1 number of patients positive for Chikungunya with the percentage of 25%. The maximum peaks are observed equally in the age of 36 to 50 years age group. The Month wise Description of Malaria, Dengue and Chikungunya positive patients from the month of April 2017 to month of October 2017. To identify the seasonal variation of the disease, analysis of the data on monthly basis was done.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic reemerging virus replicating in plasma membrane-derived compartments termed "spherules." Here, we identify the human transmembrane protein CD81 as host factor required for CHIKV replication. Ablation of CD81 results in decreased CHIKV permissiveness, while overexpression enhances infection. CD81 is dispensable for virus uptake but critically required for viral genome replication. Likewise, murine CD81 is crucial for CHIKV permissiveness and is expressed in target cells such as dermal fibroblasts, muscle and liver cells. Whereas related alphaviruses, including Ross River virus (RRV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Sindbis virus (SINV) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), also depend on CD81 for infection, RNA viruses from other families, such as coronaviruses, replicate independently of CD81. Strikingly, the replication-enhancing function of CD81 is linked to cholesterol binding. These results define a mechanism exploited by alphaviruses to hijack the membrane microdomain-modeling protein CD81 for virus replication through interaction with cholesterol. IMPORTANCE In this study, we discover the tetraspanin CD81 as a host factor for the globally emerging chikungunya virus and related alphaviruses. We show that CD81 promotes replication of viral genomes in human and mouse cells, while virus entry into cells is independent of CD81. This provides novel insights into how alphaviruses hijack host proteins to complete their life cycle. Alphaviruses replicate at distinct sites of the plasma membrane, which are enriched in cholesterol. We found that the cholesterol-binding ability of CD81 is important for its function as an alphavirus host factor. This discovery thus broadens our understanding of the alphavirus replication process and the use of host factors to reprogram cells into virus replication factories.
Subject(s)
Chikungunya Fever , Chikungunya virus , Viruses , Animals , Chikungunya virus/genetics , Cholesterol/metabolism , Humans , Mice , Tetraspanins/metabolism , Virus Replication/genetics , Viruses/metabolismABSTRACT
Positive-strand RNA viruses, the largest genetic class of eukaryotic viruses, include coronaviruses and many other established and emerging pathogens. A major target for understanding and controlling these viruses is their genome replication, which occurs in virus-induced membrane vesicles that organize replication steps and protect double-stranded RNA intermediates from innate immune recognition. The structure of these complexes has been greatly illuminated by recent cryo-electron microscope tomography studies with several viruses. One key finding in diverse systems is the organization of crucial viral RNA replication factors in multimeric rings or crowns that among other functions serve as exit channels gating release of progeny genomes to the cytosol for translation and encapsidation. Emerging results suggest that these crowns serve additional important purposes in replication complex assembly, function, and interaction with downstream processes such as encapsidation. The findings provide insights into viral function and evolution and new bases for understanding, controlling, and engineering positive-strand RNA viruses.
Subject(s)
RNA, Viral , Virus Replication , Electron Microscope Tomography , Positive-Strand RNA Viruses , RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics , RNA, Viral/geneticsABSTRACT
In January 2022, a total of 68 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 228 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 228), dengue fever (26), measles (19), cholera (12) and leptospirosis (10). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Rift Valley fever (100.0%), Lassa fever (19.0%), yellow fever (15.5%), plague (7.5%) and West Nile fever (7.1%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, Lassa fever and cholera. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe was COVID-19.
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Siddha System of Medicine practiced in South part of Indian constituency. It is one of the ancient Traditional systems of India, mostly followed by Tamil peoples. Adhi Sivan and 18 Siddhar's are the founders of Siddha system of medicine. Traditional systems are highly focused worldwide after covid 19 pandemic situations. In Tamil Nadu which is southern state of India Siddha system of medicine highly prescribed during Chikungunya and Dengue spread. More peoples are benefited through the system. In India, Ministry of AYUSH, focusing on traditional Indian system of medicines for the treatment of Covid 19. Siddha Medicine is one among the AYUSH system. In this situation author wish to explore the details of Siddha medicine in the way of what is Siddha? Who are Qualified Siddha Doctor and Pattern of Study etc.... This review is helpful to the scientific world to know, who is Registered Siddha Medical practitioner and many details about Siddha System of Medicine.
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In December 2021, a total of 64 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 228 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 228), measles (29), dengue fever (28), cholera (12) and chikungunya fever (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (81.8%), Middle East respiratory syndrome (34.4%), yellow fever (22.0%), Lassa fever (20.0%) and plague (10.8%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, measles, dengue fever and cholera. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, yellow fever, plague, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus disease, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe was COVID-19.
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In November 2021, a total of 65 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 226 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 226), dengue fever (31), measles (21), poliomyelitis (11) and cholera (10). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (81.8%), Lassa fever (18.6%), yellow fever (15.3%), meningitis (7.9%) and plague (7.6%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, dengue fever and yellow fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, cholera, yellow fever, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus disease, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19 and West Nile fever.
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ADP-ribosylation is a highly dynamic posttranslational modification frequently studied in stress response pathways with recent attention given to its role in response to viral infection. Notably, the alphaviruses encode catalytically active macrodomains capable of ADP-ribosylhydrolase (ARH) activities, implying a role in remodeling the cellular ADP-ribosylome. This report decouples mono- and poly-ARH contributions to macrodomain function using a newly engineered Sindbis virus (SINV) mutant with attenuated poly-ARH activity. Our findings indicate that viral poly-ARH activity is uniquely required for high titer replication in mammalian systems. Despite translating incoming genomic RNA as efficiently as WT virus, mutant viruses have a reduced capacity to establish productive infection, offering a more complete understanding of the kinetics and role of the alphavirus macrodomain with important implications for broader ADP-ribosyltransferase biology. IMPORTANCE Viral macrodomains have drawn attention in recent years due to their high degree of conservation in several virus families (e.g., coronaviruses and alphaviruses) and their potential druggability. These domains erase mono- or poly-ADP-ribose, posttranslational modifications written by host poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) proteins, from undetermined host or viral proteins to enhance replication. Prior work determined that efficient alphavirus replication requires catalytically active macrodomains; however, which form of the modification requires removal and from which protein(s) had not been determined. Here, we present evidence for the specific requirement of poly-ARH activity to ensure efficient productive infection and virus replication.
Subject(s)
Coronavirus , Hydrolases , RNA, Viral , Sindbis Virus , Animals , Coronavirus/genetics , Hydrolases/metabolism , Mammals/genetics , Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/metabolism , RNA, Viral/genetics , Sindbis Virus/enzymology , Sindbis Virus/genetics , Virus ReplicationABSTRACT
In October 2021, a total of 60 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 226 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 226), dengue fever (24), measles (24), cholera (10) and malaria (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Ebola virus disease (75.0%), Lassa fever (19.7%), meningitis (8.5%), plague (7.6%) and West Nile fever (5.7%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, dengue fever and meningitis. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, cholera, yellow fever, lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever, chikungunya fever and Zika virus disease, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19 and West Nile fever.
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In September 2021, a total of 63 infectious diseases were reported globally, affecting 226 countries and regions. Except for influenza, the top five infectious diseases affecting greatest number of countries and regions were Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19, 226), dengue fever (28), measles (26), West Nile fever (10) and cholera (9). The top five infectious diseases with highest case fatality rates were Nipah virus disease (100.0%), Middle East respiratory syndrome (34.4%), Lassa fever (20.3%), plague (20.0%) and meningitis (15.8%). The top five infectious diseases with greatest number of deaths were COVID-19, malaria, cholera, meningitis and dengue fever. The prevalent infectious diseases in Asia were COVID-19 and dengue fever, the prevalent infectious diseases in Africa were COVID-19, cholera, plague, yellow fever, Lassa fever, poliomyelitis, malaria and measles, the prevalent infectious diseases in America were COVID-19, dengue fever and chikungunya fever, the prevalent infectious disease in Europe were COVID-19 and West Nile fever.
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Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide attached to a core protein, forming heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of almost all mammalian cells and the extracellular matrix. HS orchestrates the binding of various signal molecules to their receptors, thus regulating many biological processes, including homeostasis, metabolism, and various pathological processes. Due to its wide distribution and negatively charged properties, HS is exploited by many viruses as a cofactor to attach to host cells. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between virus and HS is proposed as a promising approach to mitigate viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the interaction manners of HS with viruses with focus on significant pathogenic RNA viruses, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses. We also provide an overview of the challenges we may face when using HS mimetics as antivirals for clinical treatment. More studies are needed to provide a further understanding of the interplay between HS and viruses both in vitro and in vivo, which will favor the development of specific antiviral inhibitors.